Professional research FASB Codification Essay - 822 Words

Problem2# Professional research Acct2241 (a) What authoritative literature addresses comprehensive income? When was issued? The FASB Accounting Standards Codification ® is the source of authoritative generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) recognized by the FASB to be applied by nongovernmental entities. Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 130 Reporting Comprehensive Income Issued: June 1997 (b) Provide the definition of comprehensive income Comprehensive income is defined in Concepts†¦show more content†¦This Statement does not change those classifications or other requirements for reporting results of operations. (d) Define classifications within other comprehensive income and give example. Other comprehensive income definition: Revenues, expenses, gains, and losses that under generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) are included in comprehensive income but excluded from net income. Items included in other comprehensive income shall be classified based on their nature. For example, under existing accounting standards, other comprehensive income shall be classified separately into foreign currency items, minimum pension liability adjustments, and unrealized gains and losses on certain investments in debt and equity securities. Additional classifications or additional items within current classifications may result from future accounting standards. (e) What are reclassification adjustments? Adjustments shall be made to avoid double counting in comprehensive income items that are displayed as part of net income for a period that also had been displayed as part of other comprehensive income in that period or earlier periods. For example, gains on investment securities that were realized and included in net income of the current period that also had been included in other comprehensive income as unrealized holding gains in the period in which theyShow MoreRelatedThe Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Essay939 Words   |  4 Pageshelp accounting professionals easily navigate through 50-plus years of unorganized US generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) and standards the Trustees of the Financial Accounting Foundation approved the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Codification (Codification.) By codifying authoritative US GAAP, FASB will provide users with real-time and accurate information in one location. Concurrently, FAS B developed the FASB Codification Research System; a web-basedRead MoreThe Fasb Codification Topic 320 : Investments Debt And Equity Securities1487 Words   |  6 Pages Overall. The FASB Codification Topic 320: Investments-Debt and Equity Securities is included under the financial statement asset section and offers guidance on investment instruments that represent either a creditor relationship (debt) or an ownership interest (equity) and provides standards for reporting such investments according to generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) (FASB ASC 320-10-05-2, 2016). Debt securities included under this topic include any investment that would be consideredRead MoreFasb Codifcation873 Words   |  4 PagesLinh Hoang ACCT 322-001 GAAP Research Part I Professional Research: FASB Codification Chapter 11 a. What is the authoritative guidance for asset impairment? Briefly discuss the scope of the standard (i.e., explain the types of transactions to which the standard applies) The authoritative guidance for asset impairment is to ensure that impairment is recorded and dealt with as depreciation. The scope of the standard is writing off of assets and depreciation. According to the guidance of 360-10-35Read MoreFasb1244 Words   |  5 PagesPart I: Know the FASB I. As discussed many times in ACC 310, the FASB is the current accounting standard setters in the U.S. as they are empowered by the SEC. Visit the FASB website at www.fasb.org and answer the following questions: (Do not cut and paste but answer in your own words. Any material quoted should be cited). 1. What is the FASB mission? 1pts The FASB mission is to establish and improve financial accounting standards and reporting. This sets the guidance forRead MoreAcc 541 Accounting Standards Board Paper1116 Words   |  5 PagesAccounting Standards Boards The field of accounting is constantly evolving. This is true not only for the theory of accounting itself but also the entities that govern its theory and practice. Presently, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) are faced with some of the biggest challenges to date. To understand the significance of these two boards, it is necessary to understand their histories, relations between the boards, and theRead MoreThe Sarbanes Oxley Act ( Sox )2188 Words   |  9 Pagesfind and translate, the public expects auditors to prevent events such as those that sparked SOX. The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) developed the Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) that became the authoritative source July 2009 (FASB, 2009). Perhaps the hardest impact auditors experience with FASB ASC is attempting to ascertain clients’ FASB ASC references in disclosures on financial statements; â€Å"management cannot delegate t his function to the auditor† (McConnell, 2003). AnythingRead MoreThe Financial Accounting Standards Board1346 Words   |  6 Pagesstatements. The institutions can be made of up a simple or complex capital structure. It must be calculated on a constant basis in order for reports to remain consistent. FASB provides a formula of â€Å"dividing income available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period† (FASB 2009), to measure each share of stock earned. The net income of an institution simply comes from their income statement. The weighted average of common shares outstandingRead MoreEssay on Financial Accounting Textbook Solution11168 Words   |  45 Pages |Simple |15–20 | |CA1-5 | |AICPA’s role in rule making. |Simple |20–25 | |CA1-6 | |FASB role in rule making. |Simple |20–25 | |CA1-7 | |Politicalization of GAAP. |Complex Read MoreIntermediate Accounting Chapter 112758 Words   |  52 PagesCA1-3 CA1-4 CA1-5 CA1-6 CA1-7 CA1-8 CA1-9 CA1-10 CA1-11 CA1-12 CA1-13 CA1-14 CA1-15 CA1-16 CA1-17 CA1-18 CA1-19 CA1-20 Description FASB and standard-setting. GAAP and standard-setting. Financial reporting and accounting standards. Financial accounting. Objective of financial reporting. Accounting numbers and the environment. Need for GAAP. AICPA’s role in rule-making. FASB role in rule-making. Politicalization of GAAP. Models for setting GAAP. GAAP terminology. Accounting organizations and documentsRead MoreCh 1 Financial Acc. Theory and Analysis6038 Words   |  25 Pagesthose developed by the International Accounting Standards Committee. d. Response time. The emerging accounting problems were not being investigated and solved quickly enough by the part-time members. Answer c 5. Which of the following is the professional organization of university accounting professors? a. American Accounting Association b. American Institute of Certified Public Accountants c. American Institute of Accountants d. Financial Executives Institute Answer a 6. What controversy

Politics - 1493 Words

Politics (bullet 1) In college, Tesla observed the engine and after studying it, determined a way to take advantage of alternating current. A few years later, he expanded upon his original ideas regarding alternating current and designed plans for an induction motor, which would use alternating current. When he was 27, he went to work for Continental Edison Company where he realized his creation of an induction motor. The following year, Tesla moved to the United States with little more than the clothes on his back and began his new adventure in America. He landed a job with Thomas Edison, but they did not work well together and parted ways within a fairly short period of time. Shortly after leaving Edison, George Westinghouse†¦show more content†¦Richardson planned to have a tower built in Timmins and sought out an area in Minnesota to have a receiver coil built. Because local farmers in Minnesota were concerned the project may harm their cattle, they voluntarily participated in the pro ject to see how it might affect their livelihood. After Richardson had organized a place in Canada to gather the electricity and a place in Minnesota to collect the wireless transmission of electricity, the head office of his company heard about the proposal and immediately blocked the transmission and shut down the proposal. The cancellation was surprising because the entire project was already funded. Senator Carter, who had originally tried to get wireless electricity towers started in Canada, tried yet again to get electricity exported from his province so that they could make a profit by selling the electricity elsewhere. Carter took the Timmins proposal and began working on finding places and people to set up a tower in his province and a receiver coil in another. As he was building his network of people who accepted and bought into the proposal, he suddenly found that the government of Newfoundland blocking his experiment. Yet again, the ability to provide electricity wirelessly was thwarted by an invisible hand. Why would anyone want to block the ability to provide electricity to many people inShow MoreRelatedPolitics2099 Words   |  9 PagesEssay Question: Define â€Å"politics† in your own words relate your definition to that of the classical scholars discussed in class. Which of the three do you prefer and why. Introduction: Many people disagree about what the word politics can mean and how it is used in our country. It is often brought up in a negative manor that leads people to believe that politics itself is evil. The problem is, that the majority of our country can’t give a strong definition of what politics is to begin with. But itRead MorePresidential Election : Politics And Politics2225 Words   |  9 Pagesindependent Pew Research Center exposed in clear terms the extent of political polarization in America, illustrating in hard data the schism that’s opened up between the Democratic and Republican over the last thirty years. Unquestionably, American politics have polarized over the last several decades. The question of from where American political polarization flows, however, remains unanswered. In particular, political scientists have occupied themselves with the question of who, exactly, providesRead MorePolitics and Ethics2332 Words   |  10 PagesPolitics is truly one of th e greatest developments that mankind has ever had the notion to make. Can you imagine our lives without? I really cannot see our lives operating as smoothly without the existence of politics in one form or another. Almost everything we do in our lives is somehow linked either directly or indirectly to some sort of political ideology. Whether you are buying a candy bar at the store or negotiating international business mergers, politics has had a hand in it. Since politicsRead MoreOrganisational Politics3334 Words   |  14 PagesINTRODUCTION: â€Å"Politics is how interests and influence play out in an institution.† - Benjamin Franklin Organisation is a coalition of interest, so exists in the identification and solution of the problem. In the process of negotiation for consensus, politicking takes place. Therefore, the existence of power and politics is the inevitable phenomena in every organisation. In order to manage and to be managed in the organisation efficiently every individual starting from the topRead MoreIs Politics A Politician?4068 Words   |  17 PagesRetail politics can best be described as gaining support or backing for an individual through direct personal connection and networking. This type of politics is incredibly important because it creates a more intimate and special kind of deal that makes that person more willing to support a particular politician. Not to mention it can help on a personal level by moving up social and trust levels, which is a huge part of politics. This kind of politics is different than wholesale politics which targetsRead MoreOrganizational Power and Politics1511 Word s   |  7 PagesPower and Politics Some employees believe that politics and power in the workplace is a game that corporate and management plays. However, games usually have rules to follow, a referee or judge, and an ending with a winner. Although politics has a winner, this game never ends, the rules are always subject to change, and there is no referee or spokesperson. Corporate traditions establish much of the biased game of politics that is played on the organizational level. Unfortunately, politics and powerRead MorePolarization in Us Politics1665 Words   |  7 PagesAnalyze the evidence that American politics is becoming more polarized. If so, is this a reaction to the polarization of political elites? Approx 1500 words 13/12/10 The election of 2008... marked the end of an epoch. No longer could Republicans count on the basic conservatism of the American people, the reflexive hostility to candidates who favour big government (Darman, 2010, 34) In the 1970s and 1980s there was a consensus that the importance of political parties was in declineRead MoreComparative Politics Essay1392 Words   |  6 Pagesnecessary tool in the belt of any political scientist. Comparative politics is one of three main subfields in political science, alongside political theory and international relations. While political theory deals with theoretical issues about democracy, justice et cetera, comparative politics deals with more empirical questions. To use an example cited by Daniele Caramani in ‘Comparative Politics’ (2011), comparative politics is not interested in whether or not participation is good for democracyRead MorePolitics, Power And Communication1633 Words   |  7 PagesNEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY Case Study Name: Jun Fu (Fu Jun) Student number: 130336769 Module: Com3077: Politics, Power and Communication Submission date: 18/04/2016 Word count: 1452 words I declare that this assignment is my own work and that I have correctly acknowledged the work of others. This assignment is in accordance with University and School guidance on good academic conduct. The iconic image on social media: how a single image transformed the debate on refugee and immigrationRead More Money In Politics Essay993 Words   |  4 Pages Money in Politics nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In the world of politics today there are many problems. Nasty campaigning and Slamming ones opponent have become commonplace in todays world. This is a very Distinct problem. Yet the root of the problem isnt the candidates themselves, in most Cases. The national committees for the republicans and the democrats is at the true heart Of the problem. The money which is spent by those massive institutions to their partys

Absolute Vs New Monarchs Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Absolute Vs. New Monarchs Essay, Research Paper Absolute vs. New Monarchs Monarchy was non at all a new establishment in the 15th, 16th, or 17th centuries. It wasn? t even really different with regard to the ends that prevailed in each monarchy. However, the differences between the New and Absolute Monarchy come in the manner of the methods, theories, and conditions prevalent throughout the different monarchal reigns. The chief end of new and absolute monarchies was the centralize the province. War, civil war, category war, feudal rebellion, and banditry afflicted a good trade of Europe in the center of the 15th century. Assorted swayers now tried to enforce a sort of civil peace. They therefore laid the foundations for the national provinces. Similarly, in the early portion of the seventeenth century, wars refering now to faith and dynasty had a profound impact upon the western European provinces. As military disbursement increased, monarchs realized the importance uniting their province possessed. The difference between the two monarchies? program for a centralised province was the method in which both were carried out. In the clip of the New Monarchies, faith was built-in to uniting the province. Monarchs such as Isabella of Castile tried to unite their states as a consequence of spiritual purification. Isabella believed steadfastly that a stable Spain would merely stem from a Catholic Spain. As a consequence, the reconquista was initiated and unification took topographic point around the church. The sovereign insisted on spiritual conformance. In add-on, parliamentary establishments were ignored or even sometimes abolished in order to centralise and convey peace to the province. Town, the mark of sovereign for support, were willing to allow parliaments be dominated by the male monarch, for parliaments proved frequently to be fastnesss of # 8220 ; boisterous barons # 8221 ; , or had accentuated the category struggles. In France, for illustration, the Estates General of Fran ce met merely one time under Louis XI. After which, the commission requested the male monarch to regulate without them in the hereafter, retrieving the lawlessness of the yesteryear. The power of the sovereign was thought to be derived from the people during this clip period and so the in-between category became of import in back uping the sovereign. Because of this, aristocracy, which was a menace to the power of the sovereign, was ever tried to be kept under control through assorted reforms such as the # 8220 ; livery and care # 8221 ; Torahs passed by Henry VII. Armies were besides built up by the sovereign as a manner to increase his ain power and centralise the province. Besides, during this epoch, the focal point was on faith and dynastic edifice while in the ulterior monarchies, commercialism and province edifice became the precedences. During the Absolute Monarch epoch, nevertheless, centralising the province became more secular. After the spiritual wars, faith was non the focal point of authoritiess. Paradoxically, nevertheless, the absolute sovereign derived their power from the Godhead right theory. This theory held that the establishment of monarchy had been created by God and that the sovereign functioned as God? s representative on Earth. This thought of Godhead right was noncontroversial. Many writers during the clip period addressed this theory as indisputably true. Jean Bodin, for illustration, called the male monarch # 8220 ; God? s image on Earth # 8221 ; . Louis XIV of France even called himself the # 8220 ; Sun King # 8221 ; . Surprisingly, the regulation of the sovereign was non arbitrary. Kings were bound by a higher jurisprudence and were judged by God which meant that they could non strip their topics of their lives, autonomies, or belongings without due cause established by jurisprudence. This Godhead right belief helped centralise the province because the people believed in the sovereign and were non tempted to oppose him. In add-on, provinces were farther centralized through bureaucratism and the royal tribunal. Whereas, in the epoch of New Monarchs, parliaments were shunned and sovereigns were the exclusive bearers of power, in the epoch of Absolute Monarchs, Courtiers and the legal system were critical to the well being of the province and the sovereign. The daily personal businesss of the authorities had grown beyond the capacity of any sovereign to manage them. At the beginning of the sixteenth century, the Gallic tribunal of Francis I employed 622 officers while at the beginning of the seventeenth century, the tribunal of Henry IV employed over 1500. Royal councils, a little group of taking officers who advised the sovereign on province concern, grew in significance. However, the tribunal still revolved around the sovereign. Courtiers such as Cardinal Richelieu of France, Count-Duke Olivares of Spain, and duke of Buckingham of England, all became the 2nd most of import people in their states. Taxs were besides critical to centralising the province. One-half of all province gross was used to finance national ground forcess and naval forcess for defence. In France, the taille and paulette were used as the chief revenue enhancement beginnings. By administrating justness, piecing ground forcess, and pull outing resources through revenue enhancement, the sovereign ruled every bit go od as governed. The richer the male monarch and the more powerful, the more powerful his province. The truth of this is seen in the â€Å"Grand Monarque† of France. Versailles was the prototype of this epoch? s amplification. Everything in the castle was awe-inspiring. 1400 fountains adorned the gardens entirely and the castle was constructed chiefly of marble and cherished metals. The grandiose manner of the swayer stood placeholder for the wealth and glorification of the state. Great show bespoke great pride, and great pride was translated into great national strength. As a consequence of this heightened pride in their sovereign and provinces, Europeans began to place themselves as citizens of a state and to see themselves in differentiation to other states. Whereas in the early 16th century, monarchs treated their provinces and their topics as personal belongings, and were praised for their virtuousness, wisdom, or strength, by the seventeenth century, swayers embodied the ir state, and no affair what their personal features, they were held in awe merely because they were sovereigns. One thing the two monarchies held in common was the thrust for hegemony, a political state of affairs in which one province might subordinate all others to its will. During the new sovereign epoch, the Habsburg household was possibly the best illustration of this theory. After the licking of the Hungarians at the conflict of Mohacs, the Habsburg household had established their domain of power in cardinal Europe, the Netherlands, Spain, the Mediterranean, South Italy, and America. During the absolute sovereign epoch, Louis XIV was the best illustration of # 8220 ; cosmopolitan monarchy # 8221 ; . His end was to do France the strongest state in Europe and push Gallic boundary lines eastward to the Rhine, annexing the Spanish Netherlands and France-Comte which involved the farther taking apart of the Holy Roman Empire. The chief difference between these two universal monarchies was the manner in which they were controlled. During the earlier monarchies, # 8220 ; cosmopolitan monarchy # 8221 ; was checked by assorted dynastic and spiritual wars between states. For illustration, the wars between Muscovy and Poland kept each state in balance. If there was a stronger state, it would have the ruling power. During the seventeenth century, nevertheless, there came to be a system of balance of power through confederations. The intent of this balance of power was non to continue peace, but to continue the sovereignty and independency of the provinces of Europe against possible attackers. The basic regulation was to ally against any province baleful domination. The weaker states would seek confederation with the other weaker provinces. They would therefore make a balance or counterbalance against the province whose dominance they feared. Overall, the ends of the monarchies remained chiefly the same but as the societal and political conditions changed and sovereigns learned from past experience, the methods of achieving these ends became rather different. In add-on, sovereigns were viewed rather otherwise between the two clip periods which besides attains to the differences in method. However, it can be seen that the # 8220 ; New Monarchs # 8221 ; had great influence on the constitution of ideals and policies in the subsequent epoch # 8220 ; Absolute Monarchs # 8221 ; .

Rewarding performance †comparison of alternative reward systems

Introduction Reward systems are the programs that are set up by different firms to recognize and appreciate the individual’s work in the organization. The main purpose for this is motivation. The concept of reward system comes from the fact that employees need to be motivated to work and this is achieved either by intrinsic or extrinsic rewards.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Rewarding performance – comparison of alternative reward systems specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More All reward systems revolve around the assumptions of attracting, retaining and motivating individuals. Reward systems are not only based on the financial needs since there are other factors required to motivate employees and increase their level of performance (Ledford, 1995). Organizations have adopted alternative reward systems so as to increase both, the domestic and international competition. Normally, performance-based compen sation is considered in designing most reward systems because companies are aimed at cutting costs, restructuring and improving performance (Lawler, 1995). Therefore, in order to ensure the effectiveness and efficiency of reward systems, it is vital to ensure that they are based on performance. Hence, management should embrace the fact that rewarding performance is a continuous process that is essential for current and future employee performance. A reward system is a major contributor to shaping employment relationships. However, there are various forces that have an impact on the pay systems. The impact of the reward system will be felt in changing the work design and organization as a whole. This is as a result of putting emphasis on the individual performance. However, all reward systems have two elements that contradict each other. These include tensions and conflict between employer and employee (Hamel and Heene, 1994). Alternative reward systems are normally linked to employe e participation programs and are embraced by employers as strategies that are necessary in the current global competitive marketplace.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This can be seen from the point of view that compensation for work done by the employees has been changing. In the past, it was referred to as payment. It was later referred to as remuneration and now, as reward. Reward systems The basic types of reward systems include direct financial compensation (salaries/wages), Indirect financial compensation – other financial rewards, other than wages and salaries (for example, medical cover, insurance cover and paid leave) and Non-financial compensation – most are intangible and they are relate to the satisfaction that an individual gets from performing his duties. They can be as a result of meaningful jobs or a good environment (Schuster, 1992). Financial rewards are based on three criteria. They include the base salary, pay incentives and employee benefits. All of these can be categorized as extrinsic rewards, which are aimed at meeting the basic needs of individual and non-financial rewards are based on two things; intrinsic rewards – revolving around individual work and recognition rewards, which are given to employee by their superiors. A reward system normally has three main objectives. The objectives include attracting new work force to the firm, showing exemplary work performance and inducing commitment to the organization (Quinn, 1987). Attracting new employees is based on the fact that reward systems are designed with packages that aim at marketing individual reputation as desirable in the job market. It also gives employers confidence that employees will perform effectively.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Rewarding performance – comparison of alternative reward systems specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Performance is achieved by the use of a reward system since it motivates the individual to work extra hard. This is because they are promised a bonus or pay increase. This can be channeled in three different ways. This could apply for individuals, team or the entire organization. However, the individual performance-related pay could be challenging because it is based on the assumption that the pay, by itself, motivates workers. Reward systems boost and strengthen the psychological contract. It brings out the behavior that organization values the most. Psychological contract, in a way, determines the perception of employees concerning what they believe in. This is in terms of the reward they receive for the work they do. Without the psychological contact, the management cad face problems with the employees. The remuneration system should be able to attract and retain people of the right caliber. It gives rewards that wi ll increase the workers’ motivation (Senge, 1990). Financial compensations for employees are different for different companies. They are affected be various factors. One of the factors is the type of the organization. This depends on whether the organization is a profit making or not, whether it is private or under public ownership and many more. The size of the organization, type of industry, importance of the employee’s job, level of the job, contribution to profit, span of control, the employees education and experience, competition and supply or demand also affect the type of compensation employed (Spencer and Spencer, 1995). Direct versus indirect pay Direct pay is normally what the employees of an organization will receive in the bank account. This could be in terms of basic pay, overtime, paid leave, commission, merit pay or firm profit sharing.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, indirect pay is commonly referred to as benefits, and it is the additional package that an individual gets on top of the direct pay. They include things like the health cover, insurance cover, company car, entertainment, club membership, mobile phone and retirement plans (Collins, 1994). Salaries versus Bonuses A fixed monthly payment is the main financial incentive for employees. It is usually adjusted and reviewed to reflect employee’s development. A salary is advantageous for both, the firm and the employees. For the firm, it makes it easy to administer. For the employee, it provides security. One can budget for it since he or she is sure it will be provided. However, salary is not closely related to performance and sometimes, it leads to complacency on the part of the employees. Most firms supplement a salary with a bonus. A bonus is directly related to the results achieved. It is a sum of money given, usually at the end of the year or additionally to t he salary. It is usually used by profit making firms. Bonus may be based on contribution to profit, waste reductions, sales increase and reduction in absenteeism. Profit-Sharing versus Stock ownership In profit sharing, the employees are given a certain percentage of profit. The profit sharing may be in form of cash or it may be kept in a fund and given out at a later stage. This could be at an agreed date or particular age. Profit sharing can help reduce turnover and attract better employees as well as help increase morale on the part of employees, leading to increased group co-operation. In stock ownership, some companies do sell shares to their employees. This gives employees a personal stake in the company and can make them more willing to improve the company’s performance. Pension plans The firm invests funds for its employees and this is disbursed back to them when they retire. Pension plans help employees stay longer in the firm. It helps meet the employees need for se curity and this means that it can boost their morale. The advantages of these reward systems include encouraging greater effort of employees, helping boost their morale, helping in problem solving (for example, it could help reduce waste of material, it could be of help where bonus is based on reduction of waste and encourages harmony at work, especially when employees receive group bonuses). However, this reward system can be disadvantageous in the various ways. Firstly, it is difficult to measure each individual’s contribution (in terms of sales or profits), it is expensive to administer, it takes time and makes management even more complex. When it is a group bonus, the high performers may feel discouraged when they are rewarded using the same rate as the low performers. Alternative Reward systems Alternative reward systems have two main corporate goals. Firstly, they provide a reward for the employees who are able to compete against their fellow employees in the same depa rtment. Secondly, they seek to enhance the removal of the general wage increase that is based on collective power and it replaces them with one of the payments based on individual or group performance standards. This increases the conflict between the system and the union in which some employees may be part of. Traditional wage compensations are straightforward and can easily be the measure for paying employees. The system can be useful when the employees’ wage and benefit packages are to be calculated to get the present and future values with some degree of accuracy. On the other hand, nontraditional lump sum payment can never be at par with the economic value of a general wage increase. Wage increases produce a constantly increasing income flow, which is accumulated each year (Torrington et al., 2005). Alternative reward systems can be categorized in the following payment schemes. Profit Sharing versus Gain sharing Profit sharing is normally a great disadvantage to employee s. This is because there are numerous factors that affect profitability. They are normally out of the employee’s control. Management decision making and overall economic conditions have different roles in determining the profit or loss of a company. In addition, the huge profits are not always beneficial for the employees in the present economy (Zingheim, 1995). On the other hand, gain sharing – as a reward – is not as bad as profit sharing. In many instances, it results in cutbacks in the employment levels as employees share their knowledge with their superiors so as to increase the overall productivity. Pay for Knowledge versus pay for performance This form of reward is used in most organizations. It revolves around the management’s plan to improve the employees’ work. It makes it more flexible and simplifies their job classifications. However, this system normally results in reduced employment and increased job stress. This is because the employ ees try to generalize their work and end up specializing in none (Roth, 2000). Pay for performance, also known as merit pay system, is said to cultivate favoritism since it is not entirely based on fairness. This makes the system conflict greatly with the union movement. Critiques say that, in most cases, it is purely based on the manipulation of the management. Factors Influencing Basic Reward System and Practices One factor is the demand and supply of labour and labour markets. The law of demand and supply must be considered. The higher the supply of laborers in the labour market in relation to demand, the lower the salaries and wages paid. However, when there is scarcity of labour, there will be less supply of labour in relation to demand. This means that the wages and salaries will go up. Hence, to achieve external consistency of wages and salaries, the organization’s wage and salary policies must take into account labour market conditions and prevailing wage rates. Union Pressures – Labour union pressures exert considerable influence upon the wage and salary issues. Generally, the more powerful a union is or the stronger the bargaining power (as measured by its membership and leadership strengths), the greater the possibility of higher wages and salaries. Job requirements in terms of knowledge and skills – Various jobs in an organization are graded according to the relative skills, efforts, responsibility or job conditions. The wages or salaries of the employees increase with the difficulty of the job (Ruona and Roth, 2000). The size or ability of organization to pay – larger organizations have higher chances of making good profits. Large companies or organizations tend to pay higher wages and salaries relative to smaller organizations because of their ability to pay (Scherer, 1980). Product competitiveness and prospects for higher profits – If an organization’s product (goods or services) is highly competitive an d profits are good, the wage level in the organization is likely to rise. Hence, the market leaders in terms of products or services will make more profits and pay better than their competitors pay since their quality will be higher (Scherer and Ross, 1990). Psychological and Sociological or Ethical factors – These factors exert a considerable influence on the company’s wage levels because if the employees are dissatisfied with wages and salaries paid to them, a sizeable pressure for wage or salary increase will be developed frequently. This at times may not be justified on purely economic grounds. Psychologically, individuals perceive the level of wages and salary as a measure of satisfaction, security and status in life. Wage or salary differentials serve to depict social hierarchies. This is seen in the way individuals rate themselves using their salaries. Ethically, individuals feel that wages and salaries should be commensurate with their efforts. Government polic y and action in wage determination – similar to the pressures from trade unions, the government exerts pressure on the wage and salary practices. Acting in the public interest, government may pass legislation, issue executive orders or establish commissions with a view to regulate compensation policies and practices for the purpose of attaining specific social and economic objectives such as elimination of exceptionally low wages (Shavell, 1998). Cost of living or consumer price index – This is often regarded as an automatic minimum pay criterion. Due to the high cost of living resulting from increased prices, various organizations increase their wages and salaries. This leads to an increase in Productivity (Taylor, 2005). Conclusion Alternative reward systems should aim at attracting the most qualified employees and motivate them individually and collectively. This would make them more efficient and effective. A good reward system must have the four things that follow : The organization must consider the system in its entirety. The firm should be looked at as a system that is interrelated. Besides the money, there should be good leadership, appreciation, respect and growth. Secondly, they should be related to the performance of employees so that they do not feel exploited. Good performers must be compensated well. Thirdly, the reward system must be reviewed and amended frequently. It may be adjusted to reflect changes either in the firm or on the part of the employees. Examples include increased responsibilities, rise in cost of living and development of skills. Fourthly, it must be fair, simple and objective. It should be also simple and not costly to administer (Bratton, 2007). References Bratton, J Gold, J 2007, Human resource management: Theory and practice, Palgrave Macmillan, Hampshire, UK. Collins, JC Porras JI 1994, Built to Last: Succesful Habits of Visionary Companies, HarperCollins, New York. Hamel, G Heene A 1994, Competence-Base d Competition, John Wiley Sons, New York. Lawler, EE 1995, ’The New Pay: A Strategic Approach’, Compensation Benefits Review, Vol. 3, pp. 14-22. Ledford, GE 1995, ’Designing Nimble Reward Systems’, Compensation Benefits Review, Vol. 4, pp. 46-54. Ruona, WE Roth, G 2000, ‘Philosophical foundations of human resource development practice’, Advances in Developing Human Resources, Vol. 3, no. 2. Scherer, FM 1980, Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance, Houghton Mifflin, Boston. Scherer, FM Ross, D 1990, Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance, Houghton Mifflin, Boston. Schuster, JR Zingheim PK1992, The New Pay: Linking Employee and Organizational Performance, Lexington/Macmillan, New York. Senge, PM 1990, The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization, Doubleday New York. Shavell, S Ypersele V 1998, Rewards versus Intellectual Property Rights, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Spencer , LM Spencer SM 1993, Competence at Work: Models for Superior Performance, John Wiley Sons, New York. Torrington, D, Hall, L Taylor, S 2005, Human resource management, Prentice-Hall,Essex, U.K. Quinn, JB, Baruch JJ Pawuette P 1987, ’Technology in Services’ Scientific American, pp. 50-58. Zingheim PK Schuster JR 1995, ’Moving One Notch North: Executing the Transition to New Pay’, Compensation Benefits Review, pp. 33-39. This essay on Rewarding performance – comparison of alternative reward systems was written and submitted by user Jayla Q. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Argument for Legalization of Gambling in Texas

Argument for Legalization of Gambling in Texas Introduction Gambling refers to a pre offer, of money or any other material that has substantial value, to the occurrence or failure of an event. The subject of gambling is that the gambler losses the money offered if the outcome of the event is against him or her or gains the money offered if the event outcome favors the gambler.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Argument for Legalization of Gambling in Texas specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The outcome of the specific event is normally determinable in a short period of time. The gambler, therefore, takes the risk of either gaining or losing the offered money or material and any other valuable subjected to gambling. This paper seeks to discuss the issue of gambling. The paper will examine the benefits as well as any negative effects of gambling with an aim of arguing for the legalization of gambling in Texas. Origin of Gambling The nature of gambling is close ly related to ancient religious beliefs that were practiced in the pre historic times. Gambling is for this reason believed to have its origin from religious beliefs. It has been generally pointed out that gambling was developed from a religious practice in which particular religious leaders who were believed to be in communication with gods predicted what would happen to people. It was believed that these leaders were able to learn from gods or spirits what would happen in future. The religious leaders who had the ability to predict the future used objects which would be thrown from a person’s hand. The objects were believed to predict the future with respect to either a positive or a negative result depending on what the visitor came to seek. Anciently, an even number of the thrown objects would mean a positive outcome while an odd number of the thrown objects would mean a negative prediction. The outcomes of these religious practices were based on chance even though they w ere believed to be responses from either gods or some spirits. The initial observation of the number of thrown objects was later improved to include a study of the pattern formed by the objects. Further developments of the practice led to the issuance of gifts by the person seeking counsel from the religious or spiritual leader. The gifts were meant to appease the gods or the spirits to enhance their yielding of good outcomes through the predictions. This concept of the ancient religious leaders foretelling the future is what was modified into a game like activity in which people try to predict the outcome of an event with a monetary value attached to their prediction. A positive prediction leads to a person getting the amount put in the game. An outcome contrary to that predicted by a gambler leads to the gambler losing his or her money or commodity subjected to the gambling (Crapsdicecontrol1).Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help y ou! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Texas Laws on Gambling Under the Texas statutes, gambling is defined as a bet over an event that has not yet occurred. A person is therefore said to have gambled if the individual makes or participates in a bet of an activity whose final result is not yet known. The activity could be a competition,such as in games, in which a winner is desired, political contests, or results on intellectual tests. Gambling is illegal under the Texas statute and a person is liable for gambling if the person is either directly or indirectly involved in a gambling process. Indirect involvement in gambling could include acts such as being an agent in gambling in which an individual is used asa link between gamblers, undertaking to promote or to enhance gambling, providing an avenue or place where gambling is undertaken or even having a tool that is used either for gambling or to promote gambling. Gambling is therefore a criminal offence in Texas under the statutory provisions (Texas statutes 1). Reasons why People Gamble There are a number of reasons why people choose to gamble. A person can choose to gamble because gambling brings a sense of â€Å"recreation and fun† (Aging 1). The process of gambling brings with itself some sense of adrenaline driven moments as people anticipate in the outcome of a gambling activity. These moments together with suspense of who is going to be favored by the results of such gambling brings excitement that make the experience fun to some individuals. Like other games, gambling also brings the participating parties together and promotes a sense of unity among these people. It is for this reasonthat it offers an opportunity for people to socialize with one another. Gambling which is carried out with a partial aim of raising money to support a charity event or a social activity can also yield the fulfillment of helping the unfortunate in a society. A person can therefore engage in a gamble with an understanding that part of the proceeds will be delivered to some social activity somewhere (Aging 1). Another reason for gambling is to help people escape from the realities that they face at home. People take advantage of the time they use in gambling together with the company that they get atthe gambling places topass time in an environment that is more relaxed. In this view, gambling can be perceived as a relieving exercise that can help people control or reduce stressat least for the moment of the gambling activity and when in the company of other gamblers. Gambling is also a source of income. When people bet, they submit to the risk of either winning or losing. When they win, the proceeds are more than what was bet. Gambling can therefore be seen as some sort of a faster and easy investment in which one just puts his or her money and wait for fate to determine his or her profit or loss (Aging 1).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Argument for Legalization of Gambling in Texas specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Another argument in support for gambling is the fact that it is something that a person does at will. In democratic countries like the United States, in which Texas is a state, democracies are upheld and people’s fundamental rights and freedom to make choices and to look for happiness are declared in the constitution. If the constitution allows people to choose whether or not they should drink, or the religion they want to belong to or even the type of political leaders that they want for their country, the way they want to spend their money and how they want to have fun and be happy in life, then the same constitution ought to give its citizen the freedom to choose whether or not they want to gamble. It can be argued that when a person goes to gamble, he shall have taken the risk of either winning or losing in the gamble. If one party looses, the othe r party should not be liable for the loss because both parties must have consented to the terms of gambling before they put their money in the act. It should therefore be viewed as a fair act that violates no right or freedom of any loosing party. It is neither theft nor robbery. Collins peter argued that gambling has dual effects. There are benefactors in a variety of ways. When one party loses and the other party gains.The proceeds of the gambling are of economic importance to the winning party as well as those individuals who depend on the winning party. The effects are therefore countered. Both parties are aware of loosing orwinning and would be happy if they won. Similarly, the dependants of gamblers are most likely happy and enjoy the proceeds of gambling when their bread winner is lucky and brings the gambling money home. These same people should therefore understand when the same gambler is one day unlucky and loses his or her money in gambling. It is the same in either way and it is in addition a source of employment to other people such as the owners of facilities or those employed in the facilities where gambling takes place. A total ban on gambling therefore has a significant effect of lost income to parties that are occasionally involved in gambling (Collins 43). Collins further argued that gambling should be allowed as a means of fostering social justice in a society. Underthis argument, Collins claimed that people ought to be given opportunity to make their choices as regards to what they want.Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A person who feels like joining either the Republican Party or the Democrats should be given the chance to choose where they want to belong, another person who wants to donate his or her income to a social activity such as supporting an orphanage or the elderly or any other disadvantaged member of a society should be given the opportunity. A donation to a charity is money taken away from the donor’s dependents and the dependents consequently loses claim over such donations. Money lost through gambling is similarly a choice of a person risking money but with the hope of getting more. Gambling is for this reason more beneficial to the gambler’s dependants as compared to charity donations from which absolutely no reward is expected (Collins 43). Arguments against Gambling There are, however, arguments against gambling. According to Kasinoonnet, too much of gambling is considered unsafe more so if a person is going beyond his or her financial means in order to gamble (Kasi nosonnet 1). It is also argued that gambling results in unsuccessful relationships â€Å"interfere with responsibilities at work, and leads to financial catastrophies† (Helpguide 1). Gambling is therefore perceived in this case to be an addictive exercise that can ruin a person together with his or her family (Helpguide 1). Conclusion There are significant arguments that gambling is not a safe activity to engage in especially due to its addicting effects. There are possibilities that it can lead to loss of money by a gambler and the side effects of lost money can ruin the gambler together with his or her dependants. It is however evident that gambling is voluntary and a person only goes into gambling on free will and consent. Gambling also has a variety of benefits such as entertainment and income increment among others. As a voluntary exercise, the people of Texas should be given the freedom to individually make decisions as to whether or otherwise, they want to gamble since there is no difference between gambling and other activities such as charity donations which are legal. Gambling should therefore be legalized in Texas. Aging. Gambling. Aging Canada, 2005. Web. Collins, Peter. Gambling and the public interest. New York, NY: Greenwood publishing group, 2003. Print. Crapsdicecontrol. A history of gambling. Craps Dice Control, n.d. Web. Helpguide. Gambling addiction and problem gambling. Help guide Organization, 2011. Web. Kasinosonnet. Advantages and disadvantages of casino gambling. Kasinosonnet, 2011. Web. Texas statutes. Gambling. Gambling law, 2011. Web.

Great Quotes From the Glass Menagerie

Great Quotes From the Glass Menagerie The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams is often called a memory play. We learn about a small American family, that would probably be considered rather normal or everyman family. The play is also popular because there are autobiographical elements. Scene 1 In memory everything seems to happen to music. Tom Wingfield is speaking as narrator. Theres an interesting quality that seems to associate itself without memories. It sometimes feels as though we are watching the events unfold before us (on a stage) or watching a replayed movie- of someone elses life- thats been set to music. It doesnt always seem real. And, even if we know that it happened, theres that feeling that were all pawns in some huge, but very artificial menagerie. Yes, I have tricks in my pocket, I have things up my sleeve. But I am the opposite of a stage magician. He gives you illusion that has the appearance of truth. I give you truth in the pleasant disguise of illusion. Here, in Scene 1, Tom Wingfield is speaking as narrator. Hes one of the characters in the action of this play, but hes also a twist on the concept of a magician. Scene 2 Mother, when youre disappointed, you get that awful suffering look on your face, like the picture of Jesus mother in the museum. Laura Wingfield is talking to her mother (Amanda). The interplay could be described as a rather-typical mother-daughter interchange. I know so well what becomes of unmarried women who arent prepared to occupy a position. Ive seen such pitiful cases in the South- barely tolerated spinsters living upon the grudging patronage of sisters husband or brothers wife!- stuck away in some little mousetrap of a room- encouraged by one in-law to visit another- little birdlike women without any nest- eating the crust of humility all their life! Is that the future that weve mapped out for ourselves? Amanda Wingfield has tied herself into the fortunes (and futures- good and bad) of her children, which explains some of her manipulative mentality toward them. Why youre not crippled, you just have a little defect- hardly noticeable, even! When people have some slight disadvantage like that, they cultivate other things to make up for it- develop charm- and vivacity- and- charm! Note: Amanda Wingfield is manipulating her daughter, Laura. Girls that arent cut out for business careers usually wind up married to some nice man. Amanda Wingfield has learned that her daughter, Laura, has dropped out of business school. Scene 3 I took that horrible novel back to the library- yes! That hideous book by that insane Mr. Lawrence. I cannot control the output of diseased minds or people who cater to them- BUT I WONT ALLOW SUCH FILTH BROUGHT INTO MY HOUSE! No, no, no, no, no! Amanda Every time you come in yelling that Goddamn Rise and Shine! Rise and Shine! I say to myself, How lucky dead people are! But I get up. I go! For sixty-five dollars a month I give up all that I dream of doing and being ever! And you say self- selfs all I ever think of. Why, listen, if self is what I though of, Mother, Id be where he is GONE! Tom Scene 4 I know your ambitions do not lie in the warehouse, that like everybody in the whole wide world- youve had to- make sacrifices, but- Tom- Tom- lifes not easy, it calls for- Spartan endurance! Amanda Man is by instinct a lover, a hunter, a fighter, and none of those instincts are given much play at the warehouse! Tom as he argues with his mother Amanda about his career This was the compensation for lives that passed like mine, without any change or adventure. Adventure and change were imminent in this year. They were waiting around the corner for all these kids. Tom Scene 5 You are the only young man that I know of who ignores the fact that the future becomes the present, the present becomes the past, and the past turns into everlasting regret if you dont plan for it! Amanda to Tom No girl can do worse than put herself at the mercy of a handsome appearance. The Glass Menagerie Amanda, referring to the bad choice she made in marrying a handsome man, Scene 5. She lives in a world of her own- a world of- little glass ornaments. Tom, about Laura. Scene 6 He was shooting with such velocity through his adolescence that you would logically expect him to arrive at nothing short of the White House by the time he was thirty. Toms impressions of Jim OConnor when they were both in high school All pretty girls are a trap, a pretty trap, and men expect them to be. This is a perfect representation of a modernist perspective on marriage and relationships. Amanda is trying to make her daughter, Laura, as attractive as possible. Its jaded and does not seem to have the idea of love as part of the equation. People go to the movies instead of moving! Hollywood characters are supposed to have all the adventures for everybody in America, while everybody in America sits in a dark room and watches them have them! Yes, until theres a war. Thats when adventure becomes available to the masses. Tom I know I seem dreamy, but inside- well, Im boiling! Whenever I pick up a shoe, I shudder a little thinking how short life is and what I am doing! Whatever that means, I know it doesnt mean shoes - except as something to wear on a travelers feet! Tom All of my gentlemen callers were sons of planters and so of course I assumed that I would be married to one and raise my family on a large piece of land with plenty of servants. But man proposes- and woman accepts the proposal! To vary that old, old saying a bit-I married no planter! I married a man who worked for the telephone company! This is an example of Amanda, and her brand of Southern-belle sentimentality and charm- high in volume and heavy on the flourish. Scene 7 People are not so dreadful when you get to know them. Jim is giving his sister words-of-wisdom (to help with shyness). You think of yourself as having the only problems, as being the only one who is disappointed. But just look around you and you will see lots of people as disappointed as you are. Jim to Laura I believe in the future of television! I wish to be ready to go up right along with it. Therefore Im planning to get in on the ground floor. In fact Ive already made the right connections and all that remains is for the industry itself to get under way! Full steam- Knowledge- Zzzzzp! Money- Zzzzzp!- Power! Thats the cycle democracy is built on. Jim Most of them are little animals made out of glass, the tiniest little animals in the world. Mother calls them a glass menagerie! Heres an example of one, if youd like to see it! ... Oh, be careful- if you breathe, it breaks! ... Hold him over the light, he loves the light! You see how the light shines through him? This is part of the interaction between Laura and Jim, who accidentally bumps the table (while they are dancing). The glass unicorn breaks. Glass breaks so easily. No matter how careful you are. Laura is talking to Jim, but its an ironic reference to Laura (and to her whole family). They are all fragile, and will break apart. I wish that you were my sister. Id teach you to have some confidence in yourself. The different people are not like other people, but being different is nothing to be ashamed of. Because other people are not such wonderful people. Theyre one hundred times one thousand. Youre one times one! They walk all over the earth. You just stay here. Theyre common as- weeds, but- you- well, youre- Blue Roses! Jim is talking to Laura Things have a way of turning out so badly. Amanda is being her ole pessimistic self, thinking the worst in every situation! You dont know things anywhere! You live in a dream; you manufacture illusions! Amanda is criticizing Tom yet again. In reality, he has a better, more firm, grasp of reality than she does. She exists in a glass menagerie of her own making, and wants to control every aspect of it. Thats right, now that youve had us make such fools of ourselves. The effort, the preparations, all the expense! The new floor lamp, the rug, the clothes for Laura! all for what? To entertain some other girls fiancà ©! Go to the movies, go! Dont think about us, a mother deserted, an unmarried sister whos crippled and has no job! Dont let anything interfere with your selfish pleasure I just go, go, go- to the movies! Amanda I didnt go to the moon, I went much further- for time is the longest distance between two places. Tom I left Saint Louis. I descended the steps of this fire escape for a last time and followed, from then on, in my fathers footsteps, attempting to find in motion what was lost in space. . . . I would have stopped, but I was pursued by something. . . . I pass the lighted window of a shop where perfume is sold. The window is filled with pieces of colored glass, tiny transparent bottles in delicate colors, like bits of a shattered rainbow. Then all at once my sister touches my shoulder. I turn around and look into her eyes. Oh, Laura, Laura, I tried to leave you behind me, but I am more faithful than I intended to be! I reach for a cigarette, I cross the street, I run into the movies or a bar, I buy a drink, I speak to the nearest stranger- anything that can blow your candles out!- for nowadays the world is lit by lightning! Blow out your candles Laura- and so goodbye. This is the closing scene in the play. Tom is giving an update on what has happened in his life, in the intervening years.

Network security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Network security - Essay Example As far as the computer hardware compatibility list (HCL) is concerned the peripherals must be compatible with the operating systems. The HCL may be centrally controlled and user driven. An official HCL should be available on the website of the operating system. The Linux operating system provides the best HCLs (http://www.linuxquestions.org/hcl). Microsoft windows provide the HCL access to average users also due to their market dominance (http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/hcl/) However network security policies aim at the protection of network and related accessible resources from unauthorized users. The administrators ensure the continuous monitoring and effective implementation of the security measures. In order to have a checklist in mind for fool proof security stem in the networking an example of defense of a house from thieves can help. The network attached storage helps the interconnected PCs from hacking and viruses. In this way the attacks at entry level are prevented when the alerts go through the whole network. The computer host security network is not dependable as the hackers can have access and can purchase the hosts rather more easily. The net work security checklist includes the authorization and authentication of the user, creation of firewall for filtering the allowed services to the user, provision of the intrusion prevention system, monitoring for suspected traffics, and denial of unauthorized service (Duane DeCapite, Cisco Press, and Sep. 8, 2006). Depending on the size of the users, software for Antivirus likes Norton or McAfee etc are used. The bigger businesses use the security analyzers in addition to firewalls. And physical security checks against viruses and security fencing. In the UNIX operating environment the script files are created by using screen capture commands. This means that the user is trying to capture the interaction between the text file and UNIX operating system. Such a text file is called a

Nonverbal Communication in Dating Relationships Essay

Nonverbal Communication in Dating Relationships - Essay Example Through studies of communications between individuals, for example, researchers have discovered a correlation in six specific motives for interpersonal communications, pleasure, affection, inclusion, escape, relaxation, and control, (Myers, 2001). Individuals will direct their interpersonal communications, both verbal and nonverbal, to satisfy one or more of these motives. During interpersonal communications it is most often what is not said that concerns individuals rather than what is said. A wife may wonder more about what is implied by the flat tone of her husband's voice than by what he has stated verbally. An employee may begin to distrust his boss if during private conversations the boss avoids eye contact with the employee (Le Poire, 2002). Researchers generally agree that all communications having both verbal and nonverbal elements comprise two levels of meaning and that both have a report and a command function. "The report aspect is the content and is concerned with what i s verbalized. The command aspect is synonymous with the relational message and is concerned with what the entire message implies about the relationship: how communicators feel about their partner, about themselves in the relationship, and about the relationship in general." (Le Poire, 2002) The lack of understanding regarding nonverbal messages is partiall... Direct eye contact, for example, can mean to imply intimacy as well as anger. What determines the meaning of this behavior is the host of nonverbal cues displayed at the same time. No one nonverbal cue can be interpreted without considering the additional nonverbal behaviors. By example then the message implied by direct eye contact can only be determined by observing the proximity of the communicator, body orientation, other facial expressions, and the behavior of the communicator's hands and arms. If the communicator is standing close, smiling, and touching gently they are communicating intimacy. If they are grimacing while pointing a finger at the other's chest, they are communicating anger (Le Poire, 2002). Research regarding communication and nonverbal immediacy behaviors between marital partners has only recently started to receive serious attention (Hinkle, 1999). Some of the research indicates that an important nonverbal immediacy behavior required to sustain a relationship is the partners liking one another (Hinkle, 1999). "Liking performs an important function in relational maintenance. However, it is not clear exactly what behaviors married partners use to maintain their relationships" (Hinkle, 1999). Additional research suggests that partners engaging in nonverbally immediate behaviors view each other in a more positive way than those who do not engage in nonverbally immediate behaviors (Richmond, 2003). While much research has started to accumulate regarding nonverbal and verbal communications between married partners and the use of nonverbal immediacy behaviors to maintain these marital relationships, research regarding how these communication methods influences the early stages of a pre-marital relationship is only now beginning to

Inside Job Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Inside Job - Movie Review Example The international environment preceding the crisis was characterized by globally stable economic growth, the growth of productivity and a low level of inflation - which was a primary result of policy changes by central banks focused on inflation targeting. Short term interest rates were at historically low levels both in the US and worldwide. Due to the recession in 2001, the US Federal Reserve Board (Fed) introduced a sharp decrease in its target interest rate. Even though this resulted in the recovery of the economy, figures remained weak, not showing signs did not of a substantial GDP growth or growth of employment, at least until 2005. In addition to this "jobless recovery" there were threats of a decrease in inflation, which was already at very low levels and a serious concern that the US might experience a recession decade. Ferguson titled the first part of the documentary "How We Got Here", wherein he shifts the documentary from Iceland to the United States of America and then explained that the United States’ financial industry had been properly regulated during 1940 to 1980 which was later followed by a prolonged period of deregulation. Ferguson stated that the to explain the roots of the Global Financial Crisis to the early 1980†²s when during the Reagan government regime a deregulating bill was being passed for the banking and finance industry, but it was greatly watered down bill was enacted wherein a number of government acts and regulations that came into force after the Great Depression of the early 1930†²s.?s. Ferguson regretted that despite the downfall of savings and loan associations in late 1980s, the loud and clear warning that something wasn't right in the finance industry was left unheard and unaddressed, which resulted in continuation of the massive deregulation spree, which went on well into the next decade.  In order to convert mortgage and other types of loans into more money-spinning financial instruments, the financial wizards and mathematicians devised many creative ways which were backed

Exchange Rate Risk and Impact on Foreign Trade

Exchange Rate Risk and Impact on Foreign Trade This paper uses real world application of exchange rate fluctuations, its causes and impact on the economy, risks associated with it and their management, in terms of Chinese economy to show the importance on these financial concepts and their requirement of understanding one to understand the other, all in wake of gaining he knowledge that will help in making transactions decisions that affect the economy on a global scale. Going for a bigger leap by learning to take smaller steps. Introduction The incontrovertible evidence of understanding the importance of the exchange rate fluctuation mechanism and the types and magnitude of risk, attached to the international trading affecting those who are involved in transaction across border globally deems necessary the acquisition of knowledge by those who are involved in day to day market transactions. The global economy is reliant upon the study of economic and other socio-political variable affecting the exchange rate in the international market influence the terms of trade of the trading countries and consequently inducing changes in the budget restructuring and trading quantities that are contributed to the international market by individual countries. Thus the realization of the need for this paper came upon as a research topic. This report takes into account several articles and write ups related to foreign exchange rates, their risks, exposure, and tries to plug them in with the conventional concepts of these financial instruments in order to enhance the understanding and the knowledge of exchange rate mechanism, its determinants and how it impacts any countrys economy specifically that of china. The literature support backs up the implication of the concepts applied here for the better grasp if the points that are attempting to be made noticeable. The main theme of the paper revolves around the arena of foreign exchange rates; How they impact the economy, what causes them to fluctuate, the impact of these fluctuations; How they affect the country with a changing value of currency in relative terms, a mention of the recent effects that the economies of the countries have gone into having had been affected in terms of it economy and foreign trade sector, the risk exposure associated with the fluctuating exchange rates and how does hedging help in reducing that risk. Even though the main theme would give an impression of a broad topic discussion, however we will remain confined to narrowed discussion limited within our topics only touching the subject in light of its practical application extracted from evidence presented in news articles and periodicals. This stance has been adopted, induced by the goal achieving grasp on the concepts and not on mere conventional definitions to these applicable financial-economic concepts. The paper also sees through and explains the methods of conduction of research in terms of our sources of data and our approach. Graphs and charts relevant to the topic have been provided to further clear the ideas built upon the physical evidence by analysis of these statistical data sets. Eventually reaching to base where we design a cohesive note on the findings of all the efforts put into this research and thus helping us to reach to a conclusion based upon all the facts and evidence provided in the literature review and by the statistical data charts and graphs. Literature Review This section imparts knowledge using empirical evidence that is published in newspaper journals and articles and is related to our topic of interest, to augment the understanding of the financial concepts and phenomena that take place in the economy. Following are some critical reviews of articles pertaining to topic: Exchange rate risk, determinants and its impact on foreign trade. Exchange Rate Fluctuations and its Causes. The issue of the undervalued currency of China (Renminbi).and not just undervalued the word substantial puts the emphasize on the meaning shedding curious gazes as to what might be the reason behind this, has been presented by the corporate author (Business Asia, 2007).However, the year 2007 and the year following that were expected to bring appreciation according to the author. The low valued currency helped in the exports volume increment but at the same time incurred costs in other sectors. The so expected appreciation would bring prosperity to the economy, indicating an economic growth or a path led to success. On the other hand, the appreciated currency would, by all means, even if little, impact the exporting sector negatively making the goods sold to foreign countries less cheaper and making the existence of Chinese goods in the competitive market all the more tougher (Business Asia, 2007). El-Erian, ONeill, Bergsten, Mohamed (2007), further takes the discussion forward with appreciating Chinese currency and at the same time the threat of protectionist trade measures and the falling dollar. He sheds light upon the problem of falling dollar and how it would be a problem being a constraint upon the Federal Reserve Bank to take measure against the economic down turns led by the crisis in the real estate. On the other hand, the Chinese Yuan has been allowed to appreciate modestly in the past two year from the time the article was written keeping an eye for the threat of protectionist measures (Business Asia, 2007). Already the appreciation had caused much apprehension for the Chinese; dollar falling further would be putting too much on their plate. The Depreciation of Dollar would imply further appreciation in Chinese currency which would threat the exports sector much. Nevertheless the depreciation of dollar by and large is a development for the world economy despite some negative consequences it may have on trade. And the circumstances are much more predictive for the weak dollar than the reality assumes, and it sure is likely to remain that way (El-Erian, ONeill, Bergsten, Mohamed, 2007). The important issues discussed by the corporate author diverts our attention towards the sterilization efforts, issuance of liabilities and Sino-US relation that are the main factors affecting the pace of the appreciation expected (Business Asia, 2007). The so long undervalued Chinese currencys expectation to rise was induced by the central banks intention of sterilization for the manipulation of exchange rate, however all depended upon the success of this effort. The central bank can control the exchange rate by buying or selling the currency and hence stimulation and increase or a decrease respectively in the relative supply of the currency in circulation. Furthermore in sterilizing it insulates itself from the foreign exchange operations in order to prevent potentially adverse impacts of capital inflow or outflow. Thus in order to appreciate the Chinese Renminbi against US dollar the central bank of china would buy the domestic currency and create a shortage of supply, therefore i ncreasing its value and it would sell the American dollar for the reverse effect. Hence, the Chinese currency would appreciate. (Business Asia, 2007) El-Erian (El-Erian, ONeill, Bergsten, Mohamed, 2007), taking a step further, reasoned the apprehensive condition of the Chinese, to see the falling dollar after all their efforts to keep the appreciation of their own currency modest. The threat of declining exports leading to broadening of trade balance was imminent. And to top it off the depreciating dollar only sought to be a cause for an augmentation of risk in the painstakingly controlled economy (El-Erian, ONeill, Bergsten, Mohamed, 2007). The article but also points out that despite the negative consequences of the weakening dollar on trade given the predictable circumstances of a likely depreciation, it also implies a development of world economy against US. Because depreciation of dollar would in effect mean appreciation of the currencies that it must be held against which includes all the other countries of the world. Thus from the perspective of other countries an appreciation would be taking place implying a growth affec t in their respective economies and indicating a surge of development in those countries (El-Erian, ONeill, Bergsten, Mohamed, 2007). The Negative and the Positive Impacts Corporate author contributed in the same line of argument, though his inclination was towards the impacts then cause. His argument is in resonance to the arguments of El-Erian critically analyzed above. The author specifically talks about the strong appreciation of most Asian currencies against USD while there being still others, which were weaker than they were before the global financial crisis (Business Asia, 2009). The appreciation of other currencies has put the undervalued currency under pressure to appreciate further. China in this respect has continued to keep its currency undervalued. A rapid appreciation would imply a slower accumulation of foreign reserves. This brings two aspects under concern. First is the rising threat of protectionism from European countries and the US and the other is the giving full control of monetary policy back to Government (Business Asia, 2009). The corporate author of Business Asia (Business Asia, 2009) also forces us to contemplate upon the issue, which is the rapid appreciation of currencies in Asia, especially in China, who has been keeping a modest appreciation rate in light of the threat of protectionism from EU and US. The weaker currency if allowed to appreciate rapidly would instigate protectionism from EU and US on now not so cheap goods owing to the devaluation of USD itself as well as the appreciation Asian currencies. However this would also imply developmental growth in other countries (referring to China) relative to the US (Business Asia, 2007). Furthermore another incentive for letting the currency appreciate for China and other Asian countries would be that letting the exchange rate fluctuate on its own terms, the Government will finally be free to use the monetary instruments to manipulate and reshape their monetary policy which otherwise had been committed to keeping the exchange rate fluctuations in chec k (Business Asia, 2009). From the discussions regarding the exchange rate by different authors so far, it has been an enlightening experience to contemplate upon the issues faced in the real world by the real economies regarding the Foreign exchange rate fluctuations, how they are affected differently by the conditions of the economy in different countries, and the what reactions it induce in the effected economies. The Exchange rate fluctuation is now better understood in terms of two countries respected currency values. We can see a number of different impacting factors changing the rate which include the loosening of monetary policy in to let the Chinese currency appreciate against all currencies and on the other hand the devaluation of dollar appreciated the Chinese currency even further. Resultantly changing the relative development indicators of the countries effected (Business Asia, 2007). Furthermore, the effects on the foreign exchange rate we also saw the application of the effects that the fluctuations of FOREX have on the economies, which is an exposure to the risk of losing trade as mentioned in our literature review (Business Asia, 2009). The rapidly increasing currency value also come forth rapidly rising prices of exports goods which would induce a fall in demand or worse, protectionist policies, in the importing countries for the exported goods of the country experiencing currency appreciation (Business Asia, 2007). Besides the risk of protectionism and other changing exchange rates negative impacts the positive impacts include in the likely situation of appreciation as mentioned above, loosening of control on exchange rates frees the monetary policy to concentrate on the other sectors of the economy. Also the appreciating value of the currency creates major attraction for short-term and high-return investment seekers (Huang, 2010). This can be explained bett er by Ying Huangs argument on the main reason of speculative fund inflow to China. Huang (2010) attempts to decipher the main reason for the inflow of funds into Chinese economy. The massive overseas funds inflow, according to the author, is primarily due to the appreciation in the Chinese Currency which makes it attractive to investors. These funds aim to earn a higher comparative return on short term basis due to high interest rates offered in China as Opposed to that of the United States. And, although, the housing and the stock market appear to be the main attraction of investments since funds may appear to target investment in these markets, however, the attractive appreciating Chinese currency is the major reason of the speculative inflow of funds and not these markets (Huang, 2010). An appreciating value of Chinese currency shows promising future to the investors who seek high returns in a very short period. The reason being that, in spite of the high interest rates offered to the investors the appreciating value of currency increases the return by an even larger total than just with the high returns. The high returns and increasing value by the virtue of increasing Foreign exchange rate is major attraction for investors. The article pointed out the fact that even though the housing and stock market appear to be the investment targets reeling in the major influx of funds from overseas, however the main star of the speculative flow is the attractive currency of Chinese owing to its appreciating nature. The housing and stock market do not cause this major influx, however they do become the target investments eventually directly or indirectly (Huang, 2010). This pretty much elaborates our discussion on foreign exchange rate; however, we still need further evidence upon the risk exposures that have been mentioned as an effect to these fluctuations in terms of their impact on economy or investors and why or why not investors decide to take precautionary measures in taking shelters from this kind of risk exposure Risk Exposure- Avoid it or Avoid Avoiding it? A decent explanation can be induced by analyzing the perspective of Georgina Lee (Lee, 2009). Lee talks about the increased scrutiny that Chinese state owned businesses have to face now. The derivatives market used to hedge the investments against interest, currency and commodity risk are put under surveillance in order to put constraints on this phenomena and discourage these market transactions that would eventually lead to too much hedging that all the risk averse investors would start using these financial instrument to secure their investments. The State-owned Asset Supervision and Administration Commission was spurred into action after several State-owned Enterprises, their subsidiaries and affiliates suffered high losses due to failed foreign exchange, fuel and interest rate hedging contracts (Lee, 2009). Although, according to Georgina Lee, the use of derivate securities as financial instruments to hedge the investments against certain kind of risks may be a very attractive phenomenon of wisely securing your assets against risk, but it brings forth the new kind of risk associated with it, that is the probability of losing profits in case unexpected adverse circumstances would come into play (Lee, 2009). The article discusses the new limitations and regulations put to scrutinize the state-owned businesses and restrain them from using derivative securities. After observing several high profile losses incurred to state-owned enterprises, the SASAC came into action to prevent further losses due to failed foreign exchange, interest and fuel hedging contracts (Lee, 2009). Lees discussion merely elaborates why Chinese Supervision Commission had to keep in check the derivative markets in order to prevent another experience like past of failed securities. However, it is more of a choice in other countries than of a legislative measure, which is made after analyzing the costs incurred in using the financial hedging instruments (Larry Kirschner, 2009). Larry Kirschner elaborates upon the Foreign Exchange Rate risk exposure and how and why different companies manipulate the financial derivatives as instrument to manage their risk. Also they write that a few companies would rather not address the foreign exchange risk exposure at all. According to the authors, it requires a great deal of understanding, assessment and prioritization of the exposures before they can apply these any hedging instrument to gain from such investments (Larry Kirschner, 2009).They observe that where many companies have become complacent with their foreign exchange risk management practices, there exist other companies that would rather condone addressing to such exposures. There are many things to consider and much effort required before utilizing any instrument to manage against such risk exposures (Larry Kirschner, 2009). The implication by the authors enlightens us about the importance of better understanding of the foreign exchange rate fluctuations and risk exposure before they can be manipulated into profit extraction or general hedging against an expected risk of adverse circumstances. The reason for some companies being comfortable with their hedging or risk management practices stands that they understand the further risks attached to it and after having properly assessed, analyzed and derived from the given risks and they have weighed their expectations of gains with current condoning alternative and have reached to a conclusion to generate expectations of comparatively more gains through hedging (Larry Kirschner, 2009). These preliminary requirements are basic necessity and incur some cost as well which discourages other companies from using financial instrument to their own advantage. Thus it can be derived that although risk exposure management may be beneficial for companies to hedge again st exchange rate risk, however, it requires careful analysis of international exposures with due consideration given to internal control by the companies (Larry Kirschner, 2009). The analysis above provides quite an insight on the choices faced by the investors and the reason why they chose to or chose not to use financial derivatives to hedge against the foreign risk. At the end it all depends of your weighted analysis of cost and benefits and risk involved that contribute in the final decision making process (Larry Kirschner, 2009). Despite all these discussions we know from intuition that we as humans would prefer lesser risk. Putting this natural instinct upon financial intuition it should be an understood fact that investors would go for a stable investment of low risk provided he choice is a decision made after thorough analytical efforts. However in light of all the above analysis and our major intuition we should see that due to the depreciating dollar value, many countries investors should have switched to a more stable currency as a reserve currency but we observe that dollar still remains to be the reserve currency all over uncontested with the exc eption of the challenging statement delivered by Governor of Peoples bank of China (Montecillo, 2009). Montecillo (2009) reflects the view of the Governor of Peoples Bank of China, Zhou Xiao Chan, that current global financial system faces vulnerability and systematic risks. He also emphasized that reform must create an international reserve currency with stable value, rule based issuance and manageable supply. The article further illustrates on the point made that they are serving as a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“unit of accountà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? and as a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“medium of exchangeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Moreover its à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“store of valueà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? is also considered from the perspective of both the government and the private sectors. Following the perspective Governor of peoples Bank of China actually challenged the statement of BSP(the Bangko Sentralng Pilipinas ) that despite declining value of dollar (from 72.7% in end- June2001 to 62.8% as of end- June 2009: the article quotes) dollar will remain the world most widely used currency-Uncontested reserve currency- as no alternative existed as then (Montecillo, 2009). Another type of risk associated with the foreign exchange rate fluctuation has been thoroughly highlighted in this article enlightened by the challenging statement of Governor of Peoples Bank of China. With the declining value of dollar with respect to other currencies, in effect appreciating them against the USD, the risk associated with them puts the investors in reserve currency at exposure (Montecillo, 2009). The stable foreign reserve currency is the requirement for foreign transactions and for investment purposes. However, a fluctuating reserve currency would create imbalance of gains and losses and putting the market players at a high risk of losing money who have invested in a currency with declining value, for example, and need to pay in other currency that would have appreciated against the reserve currency in effect. Thus the declining value of Dollar though may not have challenged its world-wide demand as a reserve currency, but China has contested that perspective in ter m of demanding a relatively stable alternative and seek shelter from the exposure this foreign exchange rate fluctuation risk (Montecillo, 2009). Data Analysis Figure 1: Foreign Direct Investment in China Untitled.png (The World Bank, 2010) The figure shows foreign direct investment in China which is increasing over the period at an increasing rate (The World Bank, 2010). The reason can be explained as an induction due to attraction of high interest rates and constantly increasing value of Chinese currency (Huang, 2010). The appreciating Chinese currency is a major attraction for short term foreign investors seeking high returns on their investments. Thus, the increase in the foreign direct investment can be justified by the increase in the Chinese currency against other currencies and also the deprecation of dollar against Asian currencies (Business Asia, 2009). Figure 2: Growth in Money Supply (percentage change) Untitled2.png (The World Bank, 2010) The increase in the money supply can be seen as an effort to prevent the adverse consequences expected to be brought up by the simultaneous increase in the value of Chinese Currency against US dollar and the Depreciation of US dollar against Asian currencies (Business Asia, 2009). it is only by selling out domestic currency and buying the foreign currency, that the central bank of china would be able to keep the demand for Chinese currency low and hence low value and keep the foreign reserves high to keep the foreign currency to depreciate against their own currency to avoid the risk of protectionism (Business Asia, 2007). The Foreign reserves record can be observed in figure 2. Figure 3: Chinas Foreign Reserves (includes Gold, Current US$) Untitled3.png (The World bank, 2010) The figure above shows the increase in the foreign reserve currency ( US dollars) which further supports our claim of China having had used protective measure to keep the appreciation of its currency modest by buying in foreign reserves and selling our domestic currency (The World Bank, 2010). Clearly these efforts have been put into play after 2004 since the foreign direct investment had a peaking high rate of increment till that year as can be observed in the Figure 1 (The World Bank, 2010). And since the value of currency has been attempted to put under control, the threat of protectionist policies against Chinese exports receded as he prices of exports against started to fall as can be observed in the figure 3 (The World bank, 2010). Figure 4: USD-CNY Untitled.png (Yahoo, 2010) We see the appreciating Chinese currency against USD but till 2005 mid a very stable exchange rate points towards the mentioned efforts on behalf of Chinese government by manipulating the money supply to keep the Foreign exchange rate from appreciating (The World Bank, 2010). However, during the period of constant exchange rate or say merely constant keeping a moderate change allowed, the currency did come under pressure (Business Asia, 2009) for its own increasing value to be taken care of while also managing the impact of depreciation of dollar on the Chinese currency and eventually its exports (Business Asia, 2007). After 2006 the monetary policy seems to have been allowed to let lose the exchange rate to be able to concentrate on the other sectors as well (Business Asia, 2007). Methodology The way to go about the research conducted for this term paper is known as the methodology. The method pursued in gathering the required material and data for the paper comprises mostly follows a general type in terms of the form and efforts put in to acquire it. There are majorly three type data sources used for research reports or gathering relevant data on the topic of interest (Lombard, 2010).But our concern is with the Secondary Research or Data Collection method. This includes data and observational facts as already recorded by previous researchers. The provided datasets have already been analyzed and shaped before by previous writers and authors with copyrights protecting their work. The material from the secondary source is further manipulated and used to assist in making points of information with proper referencing and credits paid to the original workers. As readily available data sets they are a persons prior choice to any other method. Some negative aspects, however, are associated with the Secondary data sets as well. Despite the time saving and cost saving features of Secondary data sets, there is no guarantee of them meeting the exact requirements of the researcher seeking evidence to support his theories or claims. Furthermore the validity and reliability of the researched data sets may be in question and source can project dubious impressions unless the researches are conducted by reliable sources as government agencies (Lombard, 2010) Purpose of Research The purpose of research is to help make the understanding of concepts of foreign exchange rate fluctuations. and its causes and effects and the hedging and investment against these fluctuations easy in light of evidence from Chinese currency revaluation against US Dollars, the investment it induced, and the negative and the positive aspects of the Chinese currency revaluation. Research Approach and Strategy Given the purpose of the research and the types of the research explained it comes down to putting it down to defining our Strategy and deciding which approach to adopt (Lombard, 2010). Bearing in mind the scale and the scope of our topic and the limited resources, the best and most efficient approach for us to have, which we adopted, is to gather data from secondary research source upon the evidence of Chinese economy to explain the different aspects of the foreign exchange rate role in the economy. All our research material refers to a secondary data source, which consists of point of views of different authors publishing their research or findings in articles appearing in periodicals. Our strategy remains to manipulate this secondary source material and mold them to help up support our own claims and concepts without changing the main framework and the meaning of ideas associated with the empirical evidence. This approach not only proved the strategy to be cost effective but also very efficient in term of time saving and with proper citation the sources can tracked back to authenticate their reliability and validity. Data Collection and Analysis Provided with the theoretical concepts from different authors point of views (referring to the Literature review), relevant data including charts/data sets recording foreign exchange rate fluctuations in Chinese currency against US Dollar and its induction of investment and other impacts are provided in the section covering statistical data for better analysis of our concepts in view of empirical evidence. Findings The course of writing this term paper has helped us find and clear quite a few things which need to be summarized in this section. The findings of this research includes the following important concepts Foreign Exchange Rate Fluctuations and Causes Chinas Foreign exchange rate had been increasing moderately owing to their controlled efforts. The efforts of controlling the exchange rate from fluctuating was in line due to risk of protectionist policies against Chinese exports from EU and US countries because of rapidly increasing value of currency relative to other currencies (Business Asia, 2007). Also there was pressure due to depreciating value of dollar against the Asian currencies which made matters worse and the need for control bigger. The foreign exchange rate was stabilized by diverting monetary policy into manipulating the money supply accordingly to set the foreign exchange rate at fixed level (El-Erian, ONeill, Bergsten, Mohamed, 2007). Besides the threat of protectionism there was also a positive impact of being included under the impression of having hit a developmental hike. Foreign Exchange Rate Risk and its Management The exchange rate fluctuations bring about its own pros and cons. In the case of china, the appreciating value of Chinese currency brought about major investment incentives and a major attraction for short term high return seeking investors (Huang, 2010). And with investment opportunities come forth the risk associated with these investments and its management (Lee, 2009) which in turn brings forth more risks of losing money by using investment derivatives without proper calculation of risk involved in the investment related to the exchange rate fluctuation and correctly predicting FOREX forecast. It is very important to first analyze the risks associated before deciding whether or not to hedge against it or if it is even worth hedging against (Lee, 2009). Anomalies Despite what we expect based upon our calculative procedure of forecasting and weighting and comparing alternatives, there is always a chance for an anomaly to exist within all kinds circumstances. With all our observation of increasing Chinese currency value and dollar being instable, we would have expected the world to shift to a more stable and risk free currency as their reserve currency. However, we see that with the exception of challenging statement from the governor of Peoples Bank of China, Dollar remains as the reserve currency of most of the countries uncontested (Montecillo, 2009). Conclusion We conclude our term paper with summarizing the findings during the course of our research and finally stating the end result to what our findings led us to extract as our conclusion. We found that Fluctuating exchange rates have impacts, both positive and negative on, on different sectors of the economy, especially trade and investment. We also found that investment brings along a lot of risks and it requires a very careful and analyzed decision whether to hedge against these risk or not and using which derivative. We learned that despite our careful calculations, not everything works out according to our predictions and there is always some chance of error in calculations or an unpredictable situation taking over. The reason for slow appreciation in Chinese Currency against other currency, especially US Dollar, in the first half of the current decade can be credited to the efforts put in to keep the exchange rate from appreciating, which projected a threat of protectionist policies from trading partners against the Chinese exports that were becoming less cheap (Business Asia, 2007). The, efforts however, involved binding the monetary policy to exchange rate fluctuations and keep it from being used for other sectors. On the other hand, if the Chinese had let the exchange rate fluctuate freely, it would free th